Effect of ozone injection on the long-term performance and microbial community structure of a VOCs biofilter

For biofilters treating waste gases containing volatile organic compounds(VOCs), biomass accumulation is a common problem which will induce bed clogging and significant decrease in VOCs removal efficiency during long-term operation. In this study, ozone injection was developed as a biomass control strategy, and its effects on the biofilter performance and the microbial community structure were investigated in long-term operation. Two biofilters,identified as BF1 and BF2, were operated continuously for 160 days treating gaseous toluene under the same conditions, except that 200 mg/m3 ozone was continuously injected into BF1 during days 45–160. During the operation period, ozone injection did not change the toluene removal efficiency, while the pressure drop of BF1 with ozone injection was significantly lowered compared with BF2. The wet biomass accumulation rate of BF1 was 11 g/m~3/hr, which was only46% of that in BF2. According to the carbon balance result, ozone injection also increased the toluene mineralization rate from 83% to 91%, which could be an important reason for the low biomass accumulation. The PMA-q PCR result indicated that ozone injection increased the microbial viability of the biofilm. The high-throughput sequencing result also revealed that the dominant phyla and genera were not changed significantly by ozone injection, but some ozonetolerant genera such as Rhodanobacter, Dokdonella and Rhodococcus were enhanced by ozone exposure. All the results verified that ozone injection is capable of sustaining the long-term performance of biofilters by lowering the biomass accumulation, increasing the microbial viability and changing the microbial community structure.     

深水型水库热分层诱导水质及真菌种群结构垂向演替

水体真菌种群在调控水库生态系统健康过程中发挥重要作用,为探明热分层诱导深水型水库水体真菌种群结构垂向演替特征,采集金盆水库主库区0.5、10、25、40、60和70 m水深水样,分析水质参数、并运用高通量DNA测序技术诊断水库水体真菌种群结构垂向异质性.结果表明,金盆水库表层水温最高为22.33℃,底层最低为7.21℃(P0.05).水体溶解氧(DO)随水深增加显著降低(P0.05),电导率、总磷(TP)和铁含量随着水深增加显著升高(P0.05),垂向形成稳定的变温层、斜温层和等温层结构.水体真菌种群高通量DNA测序共发现1 247个OTUs,隶属4门14纲39属,主要包括接合菌门(Zygomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和壶菌门(Chytridiomycota).等温层水体真菌种群Shannon指数和Chao 1多样性指数最高,分别为3.45和360,显著高于斜温层水体(P0.05).红酵母属(Rhodotorula,27.23%)、链格孢属(Alternaria,24.28%)、分子孢子菌属(Cladosporium,22.98%)、链格孢属(Alternaria,32.00%)、亚隔孢壳属(Didymella,17.47%)和分子孢子菌属(Cladosporium,28.17%)分别是0.5、10、25、40、60、70 m的优势菌属,不同水深均存在大量未知真菌(Unclassified).热图(heat map)结果表明,热分层期间金盆水库水体真菌种群结构垂向分布差异显著、不同水层具有不同的真菌种群结构.主成分分析(PCA)表明水温、DO、TP、电导率是调控水体真菌种群结构垂向异质性的主要水质因子.该研究结果为水源水库热分层期间水质与真菌群落的偶联机制提供科学依据.     

二氧化硫胁迫下拟南芥miRNA表达谱分析

以拟南芥为材料,利用高通量测序技术并结合生物信息学分析方法,检测二氧化硫(SO_2)处理后拟南芥植株的小分子RNA表达谱,筛选SO_2胁迫响应microRNAs(miRNAs)分子,研究植物miRNAs对逆境胁迫的应答机制.结果发现,30 mg·m~(-3) SO_2处理72 h后,拟南芥地上组织小分子RNA长度分布发生改变,在对照组和SO_2组中均有大量特有的小分子RNA序列,说明SO_2胁迫可诱导拟南芥小分子RNA的表达改变.SO_2胁迫诱导186个保守miRNA和16个新miRNA分子差异表达,其靶基因主要涉及转录调控、信号转导、代谢、刺激响应等生理过程.差异表达的miR160和miR393可通过生长素信号途径调控植株生长发育,参与植物对SO_2的胁迫响应.本研究揭示了植物中参与SO_2胁迫应答的miRNA种类及作用机制,进一步阐明了miRNAs在植物抗逆应答过程中的作用.     

聚磷生物膜的快速启动及微生物特性研究

在同步去除并富集磷的基础上,探究采用前期不排泥、后期排泥的挂膜方式对聚磷生物膜反应器的运行效能、微生物特征及群落结构的影响.结果表明,经过驯化运行,聚磷生物膜的蓄磷能力明显提升.在挂膜阶段,生物膜厚度及EPS含量出现一定程度的增长;PN/PS上升至3.12,PN/PS比值增加有利于微生物粘附在填料上.在好氧出水达标的情况下,富集液中磷酸盐浓度提升至89.5 mg·L~(-1),达到了鸟粪石回收标准.高通量测序结果表明,经过富集培养,微生物群落多样性呈下降趋势,群落组成变化明显.优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),其丰度从33.6%增长至75.3%;反应器中的聚磷菌属丰度明显增加,从11.8%上升至23.2%,红环菌属(Rhodocyclaceae)、UKL 13-1为反应器中的优势聚磷菌.     

微生物-生物促生剂协同修复河道底泥——促生剂投量对修复效果的影响

采用5个110L的模拟河道反应器,在投加菌剂的基础上（底泥稳定后向底泥和水中分别注射浓度为0.09%和0.03%的菌剂）,生物促生剂投量分别设计为0.08,0.09,0.10和0.11g/L,单独投加菌剂组作为空白实验.通过为期四十余天的实验研究微生物与促生剂协同作用时的修复效果.结果表明,促生剂投量为0.10g/L时,上覆水COD去除率69%高于其余各组;各协同修复组上覆水中NO₃^--N基本无积累,且促生剂投量为0.11g/L时NO₃^--N去除率最高,可达96%;40d内各组底泥TOC,TN含量变化不显著,延长反应时间至84d,各协同修复组底泥TOC,TN去除率均有明显提升.各协同修复组脲酶活性均波动下降,蛋白酶活性在15d左右时达到峰值,增幅可达106%~237%.通过高通量测序技术发现,43d时Desulfuromonas,Pseudomonas,Treponema_2,Blvii28_wastewater-sludge_group等主要功能菌群的相对丰度与空白实验组相比均增加,且促生剂投量为0.10g/L可使微生物群落向更适宜降解去除氮素及有机质的方向演替,有效改善底泥环境.协同修复对底泥,上覆水水质及微生物群落有良好改善效果,且促生剂投量为0.1g/L时整体修复情况更为理想.     

区域地下水不同深度微生物群落结构特征

为了揭示区域地下水不同深度微生物群落结构特征及其与地下水环境相互作用关系,选取北京琉璃河地区,采集不同深度地下水样品,用于水化学分析和微生物16S rRNA基因V4-V5区测序.水化学分析结果显示,地下水中8种主要离子浓度随深度增加均呈减小趋势,Cl^-、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-变化规律显著,工业较发达区NO₃^-浓度达155.30mg/L,SO₄^2-浓度达321.00mg/L,部分浅层地下水受NO₃^-和SO₄^2-污染.微生物分析结果显示,地下水中微生物群落多样性受深度影响显著,随深度增加微生物群落组成丰富.地下水中优势菌门为Proteobacteria （26.2%~95.2%）,优势菌属为Pseudomonas（1.5%~32.2%）,不同深度微生物菌属组成差异明显,浅层、中层和深层地下水特有菌属数目分别为74,60,54.NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、深度是影响地下水微生物群落的主要因子,且NO₃^-、SO₄^2-浓度受地下水深度影响程度大.地下水深度是影响微生物群落结构差异的重要原因.     

给水管网多相界面中微生物表面疏水性研究

采用疾病控制中心（CDC）生物膜反应器模拟给水管网系统,选取聚氯乙烯（PVC）和聚碳酸酯（PC）2种材质的挂片,通过微生物粘附碳氢化合物（MATH）实验和Illumina高通量测序相结合的方法,对反应器水相、生物膜相和颗粒物相中微生物的疏水性进行了研究.结果显示,PVC材质挂片反应器中优势菌为厚壁菌门,相对丰度为68.31%~81.00%,PC材质挂片反应器中优势菌为变形菌门,相对丰度为24.39%~64.40%.PVC材质挂片反应器中优势菌包含3类致病菌,PC材质挂片反应器中包含8类致病菌.PC材质挂片生物膜相较于PVC材质疏水性更高,利于微生物吸附形成生物膜,而PVC材质不易形成生物膜,对控制输送过程中的二次污染具有积极作用,但在管网实际应用中还应考虑其他工程因素的影响.     

Microbial response to CaCO3 application in an acid soil in southern China

Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) application is widely used to ameliorate soil acidification. To counteract soil and bacterial community response to CaCO₃ application in an acidic paddy soil in southern China, a field experiment was conducted with four different dosages of CaCO₃ addition, 0, 2.25, 4.5 and 7.5?tons/ha, respectively. After one seasonal growth of rice, soil physicochemical properties, soil respiration and bacterial communities were investigated. Results showed that soil pH increased accordingly with increasing dose of CaCO₃ addition, and 7.5?tons/ha addition increased soil pH to neutral condition. Moderate dose of CaCO₃ application (4.5?tons/ha) significantly increased soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) content, enhanced soil respiration, while the excessive CaCO₃ application (7.5?tons/ha) decreased these soil properties. High-throughput sequencing results illustrated that moderate dose of CaCO₃ application increased the richness and alpha diversity of soil bacterial community. Compared with control, the relative abundance of Anaerolineaceae family belonging to Chloroflexi phylum increased by 38.7%, 35.4% and 24.5% under 2.25, 4.5 and 7.5?tons/ha treatments, respectively. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that soil pH was the most important factor shaping soil bacterial community. The results of this study suggest that proper dose of CaCO₃ additions to acid paddy soil in southern China could have positive effects on soil properties and bacterial community.     

基于高通量测序分析的生物修复石油污染土壤菌群结构变化

利用高通量测序技术对微生物修复石油污染土壤过程中的微生物群落结构变化进行研究.结果表明,经修复处理的土壤微生物群落结构及多样性发生明显变化.利用生物强化修复处理(BA)的土壤中,微生物丰富度与均匀度明显降低,土著菌群受到抑制,外加变形菌门(Proteobacteria)成为主要的优势菌门,相对丰度由修复前的37. 44%增加为87. 44%.假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)成为土壤中的优势菌属,丰度由2. 99%增加为76. 37%;进行生物刺激修复处理的土壤(BS)菌群丰富度和均匀度与原污染土壤相比略有降低.菌群结构组成上,原优势菌门变形菌门(Proteobacteria)丰度由37. 44%降低为10. 90%,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)丰度由9. 16%增加为35. 32%,属水平上,原优势菌属微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium)和原小单胞菌属(Promicromonospora)丰度由8. 49%和18. 96%分别降低为2. 19%和14. 97%,诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)丰度由5. 56%和0. 29%分别增加至28. 95%和22. 70%,成为主要优势菌属.生物强化修复处理引起土壤菌群多样性和结构发生明显变化,生物刺激修复处理可基本保持土壤菌群结构多样性不被破坏,土壤菌群结构的稳定有利于石油烃的生物降解.     

宁波三江口水域原核生物群落结构分析

首次应用16S rRNA基因-Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对甬江流域宁波三江口区域的表层水体原核生物群落进行了分析,共获得215 504条高质量序列.多样性指数分析表明,该流域的水体原核生物群落具有较高的遗传多样性和丰富度.菌群分类分析发现,β-变形菌纲(β-Proteobacterium)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)是主要的优势菌群,其相对丰度占总群落的78.88%.对比不同站位的原核生物群落,发现水文环境可能是影响三江口水域原核生物群落组成和结构的重要因素之一.与以往报道对比分析表明,甬江流域分布有多种污水和粪便污染指示菌,其中余姚江污染指示菌的丰度最高,说明其受污染的风险可能较高.病原菌BLASTN分析表明,在种和亚种水平上,分别检出76和18种潜在病原菌,占序列总量的2.19%和0.40%.本研究为系统认识甬江流域原核生物群落结构及生态功能提供了重要基础数据.